For your information.
Dealing with the history of research carried out at the Balzi Rossi, from 1870 to the early decades of the 20th century, this well illustrated recent paper is complementary to the “ECHOES” (parts 1 & 2) paper that has already been made available. If you are not allergic to Italian you can download it by clicking
HERE.
Jacques
A very, very rough translation by Babel Fish:
Beautiful the Red Leaps to the Epoque, between discoveries, controversies, interests and poisons From 1870 to first of the 1900's, the coves of the Red Leaps are to the center of the national and international scientific attention, above all for the discovered repeated one of preistoriche interments, and only in according to moment for that one of art objects. Personages of various nature, often from the strong inks, take part in the diggings and the spreading of the information. Between these, beside more you notice Emile Rivière and Albert of Monaco, also Stanislas Bonfils, Louis-Alexandre Jullien, consul USA Thomas Wilson, the cavatore Francisco Abbo and its Giuseppe son, beyond to official personages of the world of archaeology, like Edouard Piette, Gabriel De Mortillet, René Verneau. Cross-sectionally, legal problems and of property, which had to the ambiguity of the geographic position, assimilated are evidenced also from many to that one of France, and to still the little formalized border between exploitation to economic scope and scientific scope. All this, while the fuss provoked from some discoveries, the popular curiosity and that one of vacationing, carries to crowds that sweep up and tread on come how much to the light. Words key: Red leaps, Rivière, Albert of Monaco, Bonfils, Jullien, Wilson, Abbo, Piette, De Mortillet, Verneau. The Beautiful Red Leaps in the Epoque, between discoveries, controversies, interests and poisons From 1870 to the early XXth century, the Red Leaps caves to were central to the scientific debate, mostly because they yielded several, well preserved prehistoric human burials, and also later, because art objects to were unearthed. Scholars and laymen to were variously involved, including not only well-known people as Emile Rivière and Albert of the Monaco, but also Stanislas Bonfils, Louis-Alexandre Jullien, the USA consul Thomas Wilson, the quarry owner Francisco Abbo and his son Giuseppe, as well as prehistorians such Edouard Piette, Gabriel De Mortillet, and René Verneau. There to were also evidence of legal problems pertaining to the ownership of the caves, and their geographical position that many believed as belonging to France. Further difficulties to were related to the ambiguity of the scope of research, which at the Time is poorly formalized, with both scientific and economic goals at stake. While All this happens the public clamour surrounding loads of discoveries is such that it attracts local people and tourists who, at times, freely enter the caves and, by walking around, destroy loads of the finds. Keywords: Red leaps, Rivière, Albert of the Monaco, Bonfils, Jullien, Wilson, Abbo, Piette, De Mortillet, Verneau. Premised the archaeological searches they begin very soon in the coves of the Red Leaps. In 1846, and that is before that Mentone rebellious and then is detached from the house of Grimaldi, prince Florestano di Monaco digs the cove that today door its name, and sends one case of materials to Paris, perhaps to the Muséum d' Histoire naturelle (RIVIÈRE 1887 p. 83). However, as he will notice ottant' later years Marcelin Boule (1921), is "too much soon" because this has a some scientific impact: they are still from coming the jobs of Boucher de Perthes and the official acknowledgment of the Paleolitico, that it will happen alone in 1859, from part of the Société d' Anthropologie of Paris. The materials go lost. Later on vary studiosi1 and other personages alternate themselves quickly, without to leave traces really appreciable. But to aim 1868, Emile Rivière, French doctor, he settles down himself to Cannes for health reasons. In you open following them, when by now she knows well the atmosphere, goes to visit the Red Leaps. Ago from guide Stanislas Bonfils, syndic DES marins of the port of Mentone, and cultore fan of local archaeology: from years it collects reperti antichi and fauna, and as soon as has quite founded a Cabinet d' Histoire Naturelle, modest private structure that the servants in order to exhibit its collections to anyone is interested to see them. In the coves, that time, does not come found great archaeological traces. The situation abruptly changes the year after, 1870, when the jobs of the railroad between Genoa and Marseilles begin. In order to make to pass the railroads deep before trench comes dug one the coves, sbancando therefore the talus of the cavities, and making to appear one amount of reperti (RIVIÈRE 1887). Rivière buys and collects boneses and manufatti, and begins also to dig in the Large Barma, until then tested from others in superficial way. It accumulates a discreet collection, and in june 1871, being improved its health, it returns to Paris. In the understood one them, but, it does not forget the searches that they have given satisfaction to it, and wants indeed to give amplitude and acknowledgments to they. It contacts therefore the authorities, the Instruction Publique succeeds is made to entrust a "search mission" to the Red Leaps from the Ministre de, and from lì it leaves again for new campaigns of diggings on the Mediterranean coast. From then, second its same words, it works "en vertu de the Mission scientifique que M. the Ministre de the Instruction Publique avait daigné me confier par arrêté du 22 juillet 1871..."(rivière 1873, p. 3). All this is curious much. In fact, even if Nizza was passed to France after the second War of Independence, with the treaty of 24 Turin of March of 1860, is famous that the coves are not French, situated as is al.di.là.del Vallon Saint-Louis that still marks the border. Intuisce that some contestazione rises one. Rivière must recognize that the coves are "en réalité, situées en Italie, [ ET ] nous dûmes, par the suite, solliciter du gouvernement italien, par entremise du the vice-consul de France à Ventimiglia, les autorisations officielles nécessaires pour remplir sans empêchements mission scientifique dont nous étions chargé" (RIVIÈRE 1887, p. xiv). In truth, Rivière goes much more far away than Ventimiglia to try a ufficializzazione, com' is same he to tell: to first of October it is to Bologna for the First international Conference of anthropology and preistorica archaeology. Here it establishes important contacts, and therefore one os to Florence - then understood them - where with the mediation of the French person in charge of transactions, obtains allowed of digging from part of the Italian authorities. But not enough: returned in Coast, it buys with notarial deeds, from inhabitants of the place, what it thinks is sole rights to you on the exploitation (of this draft) of first four coves (fig. 1): Gr. of the Children, Lorenzi Shelter, Cove of Florestano, and Cove of the Caviglione. It acquires moreover, or therefore thinks to make, full property of others three: the Large Barma, Baousso from Tower and the future Cove of the Prince. It will continue to work in the several coves until 1875. But the notarial deeds, for how much features of a passage of property carried out in Italy, are record to you near the papal chancery of the French consulate of Ventimiglia (RIVIÈRE 1887, p. 116). This, he does not know it, will have important consequences. Cronistoria delle scoperte
Cronistoria of the discoveries Cove of the Caviglione and Rivière outskirtses begins to dig Cove of the Caviglione in the December of 1871 and nearly endured, 26 March of 1872, discovers one human skeleton. The news makes feeling: the rich ones vacationing, than to the fine 1800's love to pass the winter months on the Côte d' Azur, they crowd themselves on the place, and the discoverer will speak just about true and "an onslaught" of visitors (RIVIÈRE 1887, p. xvi) (fig. 2). It thinks that the rests are coevi of those of Cro-Magnon, come to the light hardly six years before, and emphasize as they are complete the skeletal elements paleoliti to us more, and better conserved, until then notice (RIVIÈRE 1873). In its monography on the recovery, quickly published the following year, it insists on the objective and scientific bases of its chronological attribution, in primis for the contemporaneità with faunas, in part extinguished, whose rests are found in the "immediate vicinities". Rifà explicitly, in its accompanying classification of the litica industry, to the jobs of De Mortillet, and to "époque de pierre plus anciennement connue" (the 1873 p. 51). It thinks but that not features of one interment: the rilassata position of the individual would indicate that it is died in the sleep dov' has been found here, for one some disease that has not provoked a violent agony. For Rivière, this is a Gloria moment. But the Gloria, exactly, illuminates only he, and not who, from years, collects and digs in these same places, that is Stanislas Bonfils, just R-he who has introduced it the coves. Bonfils, been born to Mentone where the life will pass all, to the age has cinquant' years (MARTIAL-SALM 1989). She is not a "doctor", but a small civil employee be them with competences tied to the marine world. Intuisce that it is made bitter from the clamour that encircles the discovery of Rivière, letting it in shadow. Less than six months after, the 10 september 1872, delivery to the press a work that exits within the year, entitled "Recherches on les outils en silex DES troglodytes ET sur manière dont ils les fabricaient", with L. Smyers, engineer, like Co-author. The name of Rivière not figure from no part, even if the opening phrase remembers "the découverte faite, dans une the DES grottes de Baoussé-Roussé, près Menton, of squelette attribué à race primitive de a âge de pierre", adding that "a de nous, M.Bonfils, s' east, depuis plusieurs années, occupé de recueuillir DES outils de pierre dans ces grottes". Bonfils is introduced like "créateur du Cabinet of histoire naturelle de Menton", from the moment that opens to the public the premises where it holds its collections. Not having material particularly showy to publish, it invents literally a new approach to the past, placing the bases of what a day will be archaeology experiences them. As far as Rivière, in writing up the history of the searches to the Red Leaps, will comment in scornful way this hard work of its old mentor: "Nous of dirons que peu de mots de the brochure de M.Bonfils, les opinions émises par auteur sur taille DES silex étant depuis longtemps réduites à leur juste valeur" (RIVIÈRE 1887 pp. 95-96) Although the attempt a po' pathetic of Bonfils, the reflectors remain head to you at Rivière, that it continues to dig and to make discovered. Therefore, in the 1873 its laborers who work to Baousso from Tower they bring to light in the February month a first skeleton rich adorned, to june a second and finally a terzo.2 To the beginning of 1874 it is of new to Paris, is because its health goes improving, is because it cures its interests, also economic, in the French understood one them, yielding behind compensation its archaeological collections to scientific institutions. In the cavity that will become Coves DES Enfants or Grotta of the Children soon, it has left diggings in course under the supervision of a sure one Dr Gent. This last one, to January, discovers a first skeleton, that one of a child. They come endured interrupted the operations. These resume alone in the July of the year following in presence of Rivière, than it is in the procurato meantime deep the necessary ones for its you work. It comes to direct the removal in block of the skeleton - being discovered therefore according to child beside the first one. All it comes sent to Paris for railway way. The years of the Large Barma Follow years of relative calm to the Red Leaps. Rivière, probably convito that more it has been made, is engaged far away in other searches. Not there are many works in progress, but continuous Bonfils to raccogliere/scavare reperti archaeological to Barma Great (OCTOBON 1952). With a row of nail it plants to you in the wall also has supplied to mark a constant datum level. Door therefore ahead calmly its activities in the "property" of the other and more fortunate archaeologist. But in first years ' 80, it is just the Large Barma to porsi to the center of the attention, in a climate that quickly becomes rovente. It had been variously dug previously, also to work of the same Rivière, than in 1872 it had removed warehouse "dans toute son étendue ET sur une épaisseur of mètre environ" (a RIVIÈRE 1873 p. 21). As it indicates the same name, draft of one cavity of great dimensions or, at least, immenser because deeper of the others. The filling, in spite of everything, is still consisting. And here that a new personage appears: he is Francisco Abbo3, small local businessman. In 1882, he constructs a modest resale of drinks and dolciumi just to the income of cavity (LANDWERLIN 1986), that he leaves to understand that us must be a way goes of tourists and onlookers. In 1883, he becomes owner, according to De Villeneuve (1906), of this cove and of close Baousso from Tower - with good peace of Rivière, than moreover, as we will see, not rassegnerà. There is from thinking that, from practical man qual' he is sure, has recorded of the actions near the Italian authorities, and not near those French like the aspiring other owner, illustrious but sure little careful next to the geographic and political truths. He does not have no interest for archaeology, but precise ideas much on what he can render it on the economic plan. He begins endured to think next to like taking advantage of R-al.meglio its new property, as an example employing the filling of the Large Barma in order to enrich the land of one its vine. This news reaches prince Alberto di Monaco 4, than already then it is interested to the preistoria, with a scientific optical, and an economic disinterestedness, than up to now they were lacks to you. The prince immediately picks the destructive implications of this plan, contacts Abbo and she is put of agreement in order to complete preventively of the diggings. These begin 1882 since, and the prince in person works to you, beginning the compilation of true and a just per diem one of digging (DE VILLENEUVE 1906 p. 29). In the 1883 Alberto di Monaco he finds himself to Paris, having left the digging under the direction of G. Saige, an archivist its valid collaborator. Things but put out of order, because to this Rivière point - perhaps put to the erta from the news that circulates in the scientific world of the understood one them - account becomes that there are diggings in course in "the its" coves, and takes part heavy - sending an injunction one through judicial official (LANDWERLIN 1986 quite). The 15 june, from Paris, the prince writes, disconsolate: "Je vois, of après les complications here viennent continuellement à the crosspieces de nos fouilles, qu' the faut abandonner, pour the moment, les cavernes" (DE VILLENEUVE 1906 p. 32). As far as Rivière, famous satisfied: "the Prince to héréditaire de Monaco [... ] ayant fait aussi DES fouilles dans cette caverns dont ignorait que nous fussions propriétaire, with you concur, sur notre réclamation, à nous rendre les divers objets qu' y avait recueuillis" (1887, p. 196). The myopia and insolence of Rivière will have disastrous consequences, carrying definitively outside from the circuit of the scientific search a situated-hinge for the acquaintance of the Red Leaps - situated the richest one of with of coves (BOLDUC ET to. 1996). The risk is that Abbo, that has engaged its revives for this property, and is not made sure to intimidate from a Rivière that lives to Paris, destroys of the all Large Barma without that more is known nothing of its content. It is not one perspective separated. He will be he to install on its situated one quarry for the extraction of the limestone and its commerce, unfortunately much efficient: in 1901 of Baousso from Tower it will remain only a piece, with a border of the filling, that it will come destroyed anch' it, disappearing under to the eyes of De Villeneuve in 1905 (DE VILLENEUVE 1906 pp. 27-28). The Large Barma will have a similar fate, even if fortunately the exploitation of the cliff will be less radical in that point, a lot that remains to tutt' today more than half of the cavity. If fortunately, something, at least, is saved, must to the most modest local cultori, in primis to Bonfils. As we have seen, from always ago part of the frequent visitors of these places, and to how much it seems continues indisturbato its visits: probably there is a some agreement with Abbo, to which it does not import granché that rovisti in sediments. We do not feel more to speak about its collaboration with Smyers, while one begin new society with a personage who will become important: Louis-Alexandre Jullien, naturalist and original trader of Marseilles. Also in this case it seems it are to us a sure social diversity and a higher level of instruction, regarding that Bonfils, but this friendship will resist to passing of the time. Jullien, for the truth, by now from a ten of years is emigrated in Canada, where also it has been married, but is returned on the coast of the Mediterranean in order to pass winter to you 1883-1884. The common one of Mentone has accepted in the 1878 donation of the collections of Bonfils, that he has officially become the conservative of what is a small public museum, one of the tourist attractions of Mentone (MARTIAL-SALM 1989). Jullien meets it, evidently there is a mutual sympathy, and an agreement soon is made: it is decided to dig together to Barma Great (CHOLLOT 1964; PALES 1972). Jullien is not always present beside Bonfils, but it has greater economic means, and often sends one or more laborers (MUSSI ET to. 2004). It is of fact that, in the second half of 1883 is the Bonfils-Jullien tandem, and not more the prince, to dig to the Large Barma. It turns out are not made to you to wait for, at least from our point of view: the 18, and then 23 December, in presence of Jullien, come discovered to blow on blow two feminine little figures, first of Red Leaps (BREUIL 1930, p. 283): they are hour known like "venere of bone", and "venere yellow" (BOLDUC ET to. 1996; MUSSI ET to. 2004). Sensational, sure discovery, but not in 1883 - when the existence of feminine figures in the Paleolitico is ignota. The acknowledgment of official science is di.là.da to come, and dozen of later years (DELPORTE 1993 will be realized only one). In 1883, the statuine very levigate create abashment and embarrassment - embarrassment because, in full victorian age, draft also always of "women knots"; abashment, because the levigato aspect recalls "âge de pierre the polie", the Neolithic one insomma. Jullien chip ax the councils of Bonfils - better not to leave to trapelare nothing and to hide them (REINACH 1898, p. 29). After little more than a month, but, 5 February 1884, discovers finally what a new skeleton is an element of sure callback -. This time, the happened one is immediate, but it it is perhaps also too much: Abbo takes part abruptly in order to reaffirm its rights, the tension knows them quickly, and is to the eve of one of the extraordinarier events of the archaeological searches to the Red Leaps. 5 February is a tuesday. Sunday, therefore the 10, Jullien leaves a ticket to Bonfils, with following words 5: "Dimanche matin. Louis Jullien prie Mons. Bonfils de calmer ses justes appréhensions. J' to vu the M. Abbo, the squelette of vous échappera pas. Of paraissez pas à the coves. LJ "(fig. 8). E' therefore Bonfils to being in fibrillation in order to make sure also he, finally, "a skeleton", while Jullien thinks to make from mediator. But the things do not go like hoped. The evening, to how much will later on report to the popular voice resumption from the local press, happens one quite colluttazione to the cove, with serious damaging of human rests (LANDWERLIN 1986). A romanzata version less, and more directed between several the hour available, is that one of USA consul to Nizza, Thomas Wilson, then published that same year: "Malheureusement une querelle surgit, à the suite of une réclamation par propriétaire de the caverns, eut pour effet son enlèvement here subreptice, à exception du crâne ET of a fémur antérieurement mis en lieu sûr. Depuis on en to plus entendu parler "(WILSON 1884 pp. 257-258). And it adds "to crâne ET fémur sont déposés dans the musée de Menton", that is in the hands of Bonfils, than in this disastrous one querelle it has had for sure backs the better one. From then, skull and femore are remained in the collections of the Cabinet, that then it has become the Musée de régionale Préhistoire of Mentone. But these rests have not had peace. While, a fragment of the other femore, together to the equipment constituted from three blades of selce of great dimensions, is remained to Jullien, and has followed tutt' an other distance: after a series of passages legacies to the vicissitudes of the family franc-Canadian of this other discoverer, is ended in 1944, with others reperti, to the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, that is in USA (FRAYER 1995; MUSSI 1995). The things do not go smooth as far as the interpretation not to give to the "New Man of Mentone", than in the same denomination with which it comes then remembered it seems to mark the availed again one of Bonfils. Rivière, naturally, is esacerbato from this vicissitude, in which once again it loses the control on "the its" coves, and hour has also the support of De Mortillet. Gabriel de Mortillet, to the age, is one of the maximum French scientific authorities for how much concerns to the preistoria. E' also a man from the ideas and the preconcepts very marks to you, violentemente anticlerical, veteran of exile years, in part passes to you in Italy, after the failed revolutionary motions of 1848 (BEYLS 1999). It does not astonish that it does not want to feel to speak about interments and religious feelings in this remote phase of the preistoria. Jullien reports of avergli sent personally photo of the skull and of the equipment, with details on the recovery, but De Mortillet does not answer it (BREUIL 1930, p. 283). Therefore it argues instead in 1885, on purpose of the recoveries to the Red Leaps: "Peut-on déterminer the époque à laquelle ils appartiennent? (...) Avec les squelettes if On peut surtout citer a poinçon, tout à fait de shapes robenhausienne, here était fixé au front de homme du the Muséum [ that is the "first man of Mentone", that one of Cove of the Caviglione][... ]. Au musée de Saint-Germain on peut voir, recueilli par M. Rivière he-même, dans même the coves, fragment de hache a polie ET a morceau de ces anneaux plats en pierre caractéristiques du robenhausien. Les sépultures DES Baoussé Roussé doivent donc être rapportées au robenhausien, époque par excellence DES inhumations dans les cavernes ". The "Robenhausiano", useless to say it, is the "età of the levigata stone", the Neolithic one insomma. As far as Rivière, we have inasmuch as it did not mean to speak about "interment" for the first "man of Mentone", that one of the Caviglione, second died he "in the sleep", while it was unmarked from De Mortillet for the chronological attribution. It returns on the argument in the monography on the Red Leaps that to this point puts in yard, although its disinterestedness of the previous years, publishing it in 1887. On purpose of the Large Barma it says with hatred: "nous avons appris par hasard, the y to peu de temps, que DES fouilles y avaient été entreprises au mépris de tous nos droits de propriété" (RIVIÈRE 1887, p. 196) rivendicando therefore still its rights. As far as the skeleton, Jullien (from storpiato he in "Julien" mentions shortly), rifaring itself with malcelato tone of critic to the "little data" on the argument from he desunti from the local press. But ago to endure true and an own one damnatio memoriae to the poor Bonfils, than not nomination never, although publishes given metric of the skull that a sure Dr Thulié has found and it has communicated to it, after to have visited just the Cabinet di Mentone: Bonfils had evidently put the medical report to its disposition for the study. In spite of everything, to this point the calm to the Red Leaps returns. Jullien, than in 1883-1884 has dug altogether the Large Barma for 5 or 6 months (REINACH 1898), is of new in Canada. Rivière proclama not to be able to return in Italy for independent causes "from its will" (1887, p. 252-253), and however the satisfaction has been taken to publish what it will remain to along the reference monography on the Red Leaps. Continuous Abbo methodically its distruttrice work of cavatore: by now a good third party of the Large Barma already is jumped, and the old plan to use gradually the filling like fertilizer for its vine comes put in work (VERNEAU 1892 p. 520). But in 1892, new sensational discovery: a Sunday, 7 February, one of the children of Abbo is being amused to dig of the holes in the friabile land of the Large Barma, when it discovers a skull. The father understands endured of that draft, closes the cove with a palissade, puts of the laborers to dig, and in little days three skeletons come capacities to the light place side by side to you. The news spande quickly and repeats the usual invasion of onlookers, that they penetrate to force, crowds, treads on the rests, reduces in briciole the first skull. All this history, is Verneau to report it (1892). But because this new personage? René Verneau is a naturalist and French anthropologist, that it has until then has dedicated the greater part of its time to the study of the populations of the Islands Canarian. It is found to Paris after some years passes to you, for the note, in these localities of the Atlantic. The news of the sensational recoveries of the Red Leaps reaches to it through the scholarly cerchie of vacationing of the Coast, and theirs correspondents of Paris. It makes opportunely like already Rivière: it makes official its mission near the ministry of the French public education, and within 15 days it is on the posto.6 intuisce from written its of 1892 that for he is not simple to gain the diffidenza of Abbo, than but it ends with convincing itself that the interests of this new one come are exclusively of scientific type. To Verneau it comes quite entrusted the skull reduced in fragments from the stamping of the visitors of the first hour, and after the restoration to Paris near the laboratory of anthropology of the Muséum the medical report comes sent back to Abbo. The confidence therefore makes flood, and begins therefore a consortium that will continue in the years. While, for Verneau returned to Paris, new celebrity begins one, beginning from one scientific presentation to 4 Académie DES inscriptions ET belles-lettres March of that year. But Rivière - naturally! - it rebels: it speaks about "despoliation", it sends an injunction one to Verneau, and gives beginning to a sour controversy, with velenosi article exchange on reviews scientifiche.7 Verneau it must be defended, and it is justified writing "j' to dû m' adresser à the M. Abbo, parce qu' était en possession de coves depuis plusieurs années ET que tout monde me désignait the codicils the véritable to propriétaire" (1892 p. 517). It adds that a judicial procedure is in course between Rivière and Abbo. The titles them of Abbo will be recognized officially like "perfectly legitimate", in 1894, placing decennial term to this contrast (VERNEAU 1899). This has one important consequence: the so-called "Triple interment" remains in Liguria, rather than to end like others reperti in the collections of the museums Parisians. The same one is worth also for the successes to you recoveries of the Large Barma, where Francisco Abbo, by now put to the erta on upgrades them of the cove, seems to have rinunciato to cavare the cliff. The Giuseppe son door ahead rising of "archaeological digging", with turns out important to you. Others two skeletons come to the light in 1894, at a distance of little months one from the other (fig. 3). The scientific study, once again, is entrusted to Verneau (1899), than by now demonstrates with emergency that draft of true and own interments of the age of the stone, plus antichi of what hour we call the Neolithic one. With the constant presence of Verneau, the Abbo (father and son) seem to assume a less retrivo attitude towards science and to open themselves to the "culture". The eclatante test of is the involvement of Sir William Thomas Hanbury, a rich one and picked English that many years before had bought to short distance from the coves a villa whose garden is still one of goes you of the zone. These mecenate come convinced to finance the construction of a Museum praehistoricum, one structure apt to collect and to introduce to public saved how much from the intensive exploitation of Large Barma (fig. 4). In 1899, moreover, public Verneau also a monography that is in some way the proclama of this new understanding, to leave from the title it: "homme de Barma-Grande (Baousso-Roussé): étude DES collections réunies dans the Museum praehistoricum fondé par the Com.re Thomas Hanbury près de Menton ". The edition place is Baoussé-Roussé, the publisher turns out to be Fr. Abbo. Of this book various editions are known, and also a translation in English, of which the publisher he is always Francisco Abbo, that happening leaves to suppose a discreet one trades them. The economic aspect never does not go forgotten when it is spoken about these entrepreneurs - pack-saddles to think next to the "Abbo Restaurant" of the "Plan of ensemble DES Grottes de Grimaldi", published later from DE VILLENEUVE ET to. (1906-1919): better known like "Restaurant DES Grottes", long structure is one one some thirty of meters, pointed out on the sea, in strategic position of forehead to the income of the Cove of Children (fig. 5). Giuseppe Abbo, as Luigi will remember Hinges (1930), will succeed in to donate a collection of manufatti to the Museum of Anthropology of Florence, where still they are conserved. But it does not have makes illusion on the methods you follow yourself. Here as it turns out happened the acquisition, 4 May 1926, of 269 manufatti litici ones, hour to Musée canadien DES civilisations of Hull (Canada), based on the catalogue of the museum: "Specimens to were picked hastily off to heap inside the hollow - by permission of Joseph Abbo, in the presence of Mr. Lorenzi (Hollow demonstrator)-son of Getlteman Lorenzi of the Musée d' Anthropologie of Monaco. These specimens to were in to heap 3 feet high from the floor and from part of non-classified duplicates of flints found during the las few years ". Eloquent E' a photo of Abbo of 1910, than the ritrae thoughtful, in the Large Barma, of forehead to a heap of boneses, while it dulls of side the manico of one vanga or piccone (fig. 6). FIG. 3 - The Large Barma, with the approximate position of the interments, the year of the discovery and their depth. You notice yourself that, in 1892, an important part of the cavity already had been destroyed from the Abbo quarry (from Mussi 1986). It was of the statuine to leave from 1894, therefore, they change the protagonists. Rivière is deprived of authority, and the same one is worth for Bonfils: old, tired with continuous arguments with Abbo, than does not appreciate its intrusioni, from 1892 "does not work more" to Barma Great (OCTOBON 1952). As far as Jullien it passes those years in part in Canada, in part on the Mediterranean coast. In continuous Europe to dig, selling how much it finds, according to the costune of the age and not various from Rivière or Abbo. But ago with one the sure professionality. As it wrote And Cartailhac: "(the Dr Jullien) fut pourvoyeur de divers collectionneurs ET j' to pu juger qu' the fournissait de très belles séries". And it added, appreciating of the seriousness: "Ses correspondants avaient confiance en he, ET je of connais connais pas détail here indiquerait que ce fut à tort "(a DE VILLENEUVE ET to. 1906-1919 vol. IV p. 268). The inventory of one of the "Jullien collections", hour to the Peabody Museum (USA), mentions in those years diggings to the Mortola, Gargas, dolmen of Pellissane, Beaulieu, the Estaque, the Nerthe, etc. Insomma, like its friend FIG. 6 - Abbo in rests in the Large Barma, in one photo of Henri-Marc Ami of the 1910 (Coll. Musée canadien DES civilisations). Bonfils, does not have more approached "more rich" of the coves of the Red Leaps, the Large Barma. Many things by now are changed, and not only for via of Abbo. The prince of Monaco has not forgotten the locality that she has given the name to the lineage of Grimaldi, and the promising diggings forzatamente interrupted. Rendered edotto from the previous traversie, this time wants to acquire one cavity in exclusive property. It will be that one to east of the cape, of difficult access because of the line ferroviaria8, than in 1883, same Rivière had still declared "absolutely vergine", because sealed from a stalagmitico plan. Integrity of the cove has been controlled and confirmed from a inspection of Saige. Lì begins a new type of digging, first the decidedly modern one to the Red Leaps, with a equipe to interdisciplinare, as we would say today. The digging is controlled from the canonical L. De Villeneuve, and the study of the materials happens to work of one series of scientific personalities. Between these, Verneau: it is by now an authority to the Red Leaps in the field of the physical anthropology, has scientific banns with regard to, it is in optimal relationships with Abbo, with Hanbury, insomma with all those that they count, and cannot lack. It turns out you of the diggings, from 1895 to 1902, will regard mainly, but not only, the "Cove of the Prince", and subsequently the Cove of Children 9. Borders of warehouse, much less meant to you, will come dig to you also to the Lorenzi Shelter and the Cove of the Caviglione, in order to use the modern denominations of the situated ones. All it will come published in the monumental work Les Grottes de Grimaldi (Baousso-Roussé), appeared in succeeded-FIG volumes. 7 - The section of the Cove of the Prince published from De Villeneuve ET al., 1906-1919. You notice yourself, in the bottom of the cove, under written "Limit sup. DES Lithodomes", the two deep trenches dug from L.A.Jullien before the official diggings. you in the years to horse of the first world war. Beyond to the fundamental sequence of the medium Paleolitico of the Cove of the Prince, to the Cove of the Children important series of levels of the advanced Paleolitico will come evidenced one: mainly what the Gravettiano is called today, with two interments, one di.le which double; but also one more recent interment, in a level to one successive stratigrafica position to that one of the "children" of Rivière. To the term of the diggings, in 1902, it comes also founded to Monaco the Musée d' Anthropologie préhistorique: here they come exposed the coming from materials from the diggings of the Prince. Nel.giro.di little coastal kilometers, is therefore the third museum to being dedicated to the preistoria, and to gravitare on the materials of the Red Leaps, after that one of Mentone founded from Bonfils, and to the Museum praehistoricum in front of the coves. E' also the first one to be based on collections collections with scientific criteria. But returning to the beginning of the jobs of the Prince, in 1895, these begin with one disappointment: it is stated in fact, with disappointment, than someone it has already carried out of the diggings in "intact" the Cove of the Prince: there are "deux fosses pratiquées au fond de chambre" (DE VILLENEUVE ET to. 1906-1919 vol the p. 36), than but they have not crossed the stalagmitico plan. Of this rende conto nella sezione complessiva della grotta (fig. 7).
it renders account in the total section of cove (fig. 7). The "someone" that has dug does not come ulteriorly identified, but today we know that draft of Jullien. To the search of alternatives to the unattainable Large Barma, from 1892 BREUIL 1930 digs just this cove ago - but "clandestinely" (p. 282). The fact is that this cavity has hour like official owner the prince of Monaco, and this Jullien sure knows, a lot to it that it will encircle of a sure mystery these its searches. Here ago of new one extraordinary discovery: one dozen of other little figures, probably one true and own "cache" of the advanced Paleolitico. But we are already in the summer of 1895, the Prince and its equipe are in order to begin their searches stablily. This is last exploit the archaeological one of Jullien, that it returns in Canada with its collections of reperti. From Montreal, Jullien not only continues the contacts with the museums that already know in order to yield its materials but, for before the time, puts in game the preistoriche statuine: the two of the Large Barma, that it holds from part from many years, and the thirteen as soon as found in the Cove of the Prince. In fact, these objects are not more amazing, but than great interest and the present time. In 1892 Edouard Piette, a magistrate and collector of preistorica art, that it believed to the existence of riferibili feminine statuine to the more ancient past of the man, it had found una1 0 in its digging of Brassempouy (DELPORTE 1987). The scientific community, for the truth, was remained still skeptical, but then in 1894, always to Brassempouy, an entire conference of archeologi and antropologi it had been invited to one risen of "hunting to the treasure", finding in day some other little figures, and convincing themselves therefore, officially, of their pertinenza to the ancient preistoria. Jullien proposes to Salomon Reinach, of Musée DES Antiquités nationales of Saint-Germain-en-Laye that one that is famous hour like "yellow Venere", found to the Large Barma. The transaction goes to good term, and in the 1898 public Reinach this and other objects of art of the same cove. Beyond to a good photo of the object, of it it describes the origin, explaining also clearly that Jullien has waited for many years because, at the moment of the discovery, the smoothness seemed to indicate a relatively recent preistorico period, and in some way to devaluate the content of the cove. The reactions do not lack: De Mortillet - always he! - it rebels, declaring the false statuina, for the destined one to stimulate the lowest human instincts, be a matter of one woman knot (DE MORTILLET 1898). Piette extension instead a great interest, and since puts in contact with Jullien the month of june 1896, buying in two distinguished occasions several statuine. Anch' they then are met to the museum of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and turn out notes with several nicknames: the Losanga, the Pulcinella, the Ermafrodita, the Woman with the gozzo, the negroide Head and, for last, in 1903, the Innominata. Piette, but, is behaved in strange way: one would expect to us that, obtained these objects, moreover in optimal conditions of conservation and thoroughness, one hurries to publish them. Instead nothing. In 1902 a its article, only dedicated in second request only appears to the "statuine of Mentone" and all the lacking one in enthusiasm: according to its expression, these are "... plus petites ET beaucoup moins bien sculptées que celles de Brassempouy. On pourrait to say qu' elles sont faites à pacotille "(PIETTE 1902 p. 773). It is limited to a design of the negroide Head, and to one of the Pulcinella, than Africans contemporanei.1 1 interest it in order to demonstrate he expected affinity with human groups do not illustrate instead the Ermafrodita, that faite defines "statuette (...) très badly", because would be "peu décent". Onlooker, from the moment that in the same article introduces also a recording of Mas d' Azil, with a clearly itifallico personage. When then, from lì to little years, it publishes its capolavoro, art pendant âge du the reindeers, with magnificent litografate tables, the statuine of the Red Leaps scompaiono of all and just are not mentioned. Why Piette tries to hide veneri them of the Red Leaps? The answer cannot be that one: it is invidioso. "the its" little figures, wide illustrated, are others, are those of Brassempouy - and if to Brassempouy there is celeberrima "the Checkerses à the capuche", a small capolavoro, is also true that all the others are pieces many summaries, or a lot badly conserved and fragmentary, than they do not resist the comparison. The splendid statuine of the Red Leaps of steatite and other raw materials have been from he acquired, to how much seem, in order to only put them outside circuit. This will succeed to it very well, and it envies it of Piette will have fallen back heavy: for others cinquant' years, the only total image of this part of the collection, the single one then known, will be that one published from Boule in its monography of 1921, many times reprinted, entitled "Les Hommes Fossiles". As far as the others, it will have to wait for an other average century before seeing it to return to the ribalta of scientific attention (BOLDUC ET to. 1996; MUSSI ET to. 2004). Consuntivo Nearly a century emezzo of distance from the first clamorous discoveries, the coves of the Red Leaps or Grimaldi occupy an important place in the scientific literature. The monographys of Bonfils, Rivière, Verneau, Alberto and the its collaborators, mark important moments of the history of the studies until the first world war. All this, but, has been paid to beloved price, with the nearly integral destruction of some of the greater stratigrafiche sequences, comprised the decontestualizzazione of great part of the objects of art, and many of the interments. This is famous for a long time. It remained to say that the discoveries have been closely connected to the scientific careers of the uni, to the advances of economic type of the others, with very little really lose interested presences, and that many of turn out to you they have been conditions to you from feelings more and personal attitudes, than from a closely scientific approach. Addendum: the numeration of coves (fig. 1) In the course of the time, the cavities have received of the names that hour are enough codify to you, are pure with of the differences in the Italian and French denominations, as an example Cove of Fanciulli/Grotte DES Enfants. The use of dialectal names, which Cove of the Caviglione/Cavillon/Cavillou is found in the more ancient literature also. Beside this, numerasione has been long in use also one, with progression from the west to east. There is but a problem: the numerations are two: that one of S. Bonfils and L.A. Jullien, and that one of And Rivière. E' this last one to find the series more complete than shelters and coves. Since 1873, enumerate nine cavity, last di.le which of only paleontological interest. They are opened along a forehead, altogether, of 450m. Vengono mapped, and a detailed plant to scale 1:1000 is included in its greater publication, that one of 1887. Taking action of the modern denominations, draft of situated following itself: 1 - Cove of Children 2 - Shelter Lorenzi 3 - Cove of Florestano 4 - Cove of Caviglione 5 - Large Barma 6 - Baousso from Tower 7 - Cove of the Prince 8 - small cavity without denomination 9 - small cavities of paleontological interest specific Rivière that two have been discovered during its searches: n° the 2, and that is the Lorenzi Shelter, and n° the 6, that is Baousso from Tower. This numeration will not come accepted from all: for Bonfils and Jullien, than it does not give as many details, neither supply plants, the "4° cove" is the Large Barma, like it turns out from the materials from siglati they and deposits to you in museums (fig. 8). Thankses We wish ringraziare how many have you assist yourself to us in the news search, documentation and iconogafico material. In particular, to Montreal, Miss.s Lucie and Laurence Lavigne-Jullien, that they have friendly put to disposition the family archives; to Mentone, Almudena Arellano and Pierre-Elie Moullé of the Musée de régionale Préhistoire; to Harvard University, Lawrence Flynn of the Peabody Museum; while of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, it remains the memory of Dominique Buisson of Musée DES antiquités nationales. The M.M. search has been financed from contributions of the Ministry of the University and the scientific and technological search, "scientific Search 60%", through the Letter Faculty of the University of Rome "the Wisdom". M.M. has been taken care of general the historical organization, J.C.-M. of the history of the several controversies in France, P. B. of the Jullien archives. Notes 1 Between this Adolph Perez (MUSSI, RED in this volume). 2 two of these interments, and the relative equipment, trace has gotten lost, while one of the skeletons has been newly localized some years ago to Musée DES Antiquités Nationales di Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris. 3 not to confuse with Giuseppe Abbo, greater son of Francisco. 4 To the age the Alberto future of Monaco was still hereditary prince. 5 the paper from visit of Jullien, with the directed message to Bonfils, is hour conserved to the Municipal Archives of Mentone in the "Livre d' Or" of Bonfils. 6 it is not perhaps a case that in the banns of Verneau not evinca never with clarity that the Red Leaps find in Italy rather than in France. 7 the volume is looked at YOU, 1895, de "the Anthropologie". 8 E' 7° the cavern of the list of Rivière. 9 Constantly indicated like Coves DES Enfants in the banns of the age, and also successive. 10 that one then nicknamed "poire". 11 draft of observations loaded with racist connoting, than very is framed in the colonial prejudgments of the age. Bibliography BEYLS P., 1999, Gabriel de Mortillet: 1821-1898: géologue ET préhistorien, Chez the auteur, Grenoble. BOLDUC P., CINQ-MARS J., MUSSI M., 1996, Les figurines DES Red Leaps (Italie): une collection perdue retrouvée ET, in "Bull. Société Préhistorique de the Ariège ", 51, pp. 15-53. BONFILS S., SMYERS L., 1872, Recherches on les outils en silex DES troglodytes ET sur manière dont ils les fabricaient, Gauthier, Nice. BOULE M., 1921, Les Hommes Fossiles, Masson, Paris. BREUIL H., 1930, Renseignements inédits sur les circonstances de trouvaille DES statuettes aurignaciennes DES Baoussé "Roussé, in" Actions of the First Reunion of the Italian Institute of Human Paleontology ", pp. 281-290. L. HINGES, 1930, the "Advanced Paleolitico" of the Large Barma to the Red Leaps, in "the Archives for the Anthropology and the Ethnology", LX, pp. 461-470. CHOLLOT M., 1964, Musée DES Antiquités Nationales, Collection Piette, And DES Musées Nationaux, Paris. DELPORTE H., 1987, Piette, pionnier de préhistoire, Picard, Paris. DE MORTILLET G., 1885, the Préhistorique, antiquité de the homme, 2e édition, C. Reinwald, Paris. DE MORTILLET G., 1898, Statuette fausse DES Baoussé-Roussé, in "Bull. Société d' Anthropologie de Paris ", ser. IV, 9, pp. 146-153. DE VILLENEUVE L., 1906, Historique ET description, in DE VILLENEUVE L., BOULE M., VERNEAU R., CARTAILHAC And, 1906- 1919, Les grottes de Grimaldi, t. I., Monaco, pp. 9-36. DE VILLENEUVE L., BOULE M., VERNEAU R., CARTAILHAC And, 1906-1919, Les grottes de Grimaldi, Monaco. DELPORTE H., 1993, image de femme dans the art préhistorique, Paris, Picard. FRAYER D.W., 1995, The Large Barma 1 femur fragment housed in the Peabody Museum (Harvard), in OTTE M. (and), "Natures ET Cultures", ERAUL, 68, pp. 599-602. LANDWERLIN J.F., 1986, contribution monégasque à the recherche en to préhistoire, in "Bull. Musée d' Anthropologie préhistorique de Monaco ", 29, pp. 99-120. MARTIAL-SALM J.G., 1989, Stanislas Bonfils, créateur du Musée
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