All,
For people interested in the "origin and diffusion of mtDNA Haplogroup X across the world.
Reidla, Maere, Toomas Kivisild, Ene Metspalu, Katrin Kaldma, Kristiina Tambets, Helle-Viivi Tolk, Jüri Parik, Eva-Liis Loogväli, Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Marina Bermisheva, Sergey Zhadanov, Erwan Pennarun, Marina Gubina, Maria Golubenko, Larisa Damba, Sardana Fedorova, Vladislava Gusar, Elena Grechanina, Ilia Mikerezi, Jean-Paul Moisan, André Chaventré, Elsa Khusnutdinova, Ludmila Osipova, Vadim Stepanov, Mikhail Voevoda, Alessandro Achilli, Chiara Rengo, Olga Rickards, Gian Franco De Stefano, Surinder Papiha, Lars Beckman, Branka Janicijevic, Pavao Rudan, Nicholas Anagnou, Emmanuel Michalodimitrakis, Slawomir Koziel, Esien Usanga, Tarekegn Geberhiwot, Corinna Herrnstadt, Neil Howell, Antonio Torroni, and Richard Villems. 2003. ORIGIN AND DIFFUSION OF mtDNA HAPLOGROUP X. American Journal of Human Genetics 73:1178-1190.
Abstract:
A maximum parsimony tree of 21 complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences belonging to haplogroup X and the survey of the haplogroup-associated polymorphisms in 13,589 mtDNAs from Eurasia and Africa revealed that haplogroup X is subdivided into two major branches, here defined as "X1" and "X2." The first is restricted to the populations of North and East Africa and the Near East, whereas X2 encompasses all X mtDNAs from Europe, western and Central Asia, Siberia, and the great majority of the Near East, as well as some North African samples. Subhaplogroup X1 diversity indicates an early coalescence time, whereas X2 has apparently undergone a more recent population expansion in Eurasia, most likely around or after the last glacial maximum. It is notable that X2 includes the two complete Native American X sequences that constitute the distinctive X2a clade, a clade that lacks close relatives in the entire Old World, including Siberia. The position of X2a in the phylogenetic tree suggests an early split from the other X2 clades, likely at the very beginning of their expansion and spread from the Near East.
© 2003 by The American Society of Human Genetics. All rights reserved.
It would be very nice if someone were to send me a copy of the paper, together with comments regarding the "chronology" of events that is suggested by the parsimonious abstract.
Jacques Cinq-Mars
